Methamphetamine Associated Heart Failure (Gordon, 10/8/25)

 A recording of this presentation is available HERE.

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Thanks so much to Dr. Lily Gordon for a really impactful presentation on Methamphetamine Associate Heart Failure. We see SO much of this condition in the hospital, and at times it can literally feel like the Wild West. Having a structured presentation helped me to understand where to focus my medical an advocacy efforts, as well as contextualizing the problem within our current times. 

Epidemiology and Trends

For example, it was helpful for me to hear that methamphetamine use rates have increased significantly in the last decade (see graph below), that the entire west coast is experiencing an disproportionate burden of meth-induced heart disease (see map below), and that patients with meth-induced heart failures have a documented longer length of stay and higher cost and disease burden. 

My lived experience as a hospital-based family doctor was confirmed that patients with this disease carry a high burden of social determinants of health, including housing instability and low SES, as well as disease occurring at a younger age and male-gender predominant.  

I was fascinated to revisit the physiology and pathophysiology of meth-induced heart failure to be able to understand that there are two dominant pathways through which methamphetamine impacts cardiac output, leading to heart failure: 1) direct myocyte toxicity as well as 2) sympathetic activation. 

Interestingly, for patients who use methamphetamine, binge pattern of use (leading to higher rates of inflammation), co-use with alcohol (even in low and moderate range), and an as-of-yet undiagnosed genetic predisposition are associated with meth-induced HF, whereas route of use (IV vs. smoke vs. snort) and duration. This has also been my experience-- that some patients can use for decades and not develop cardiomyopathy, whereas others can use in binge-like fashion for a relatively short period of time (less than a year) and develop heart failure. 

Diagnosis and Treatment

A reminder from Dr. Gordon that Meth-associated Heart Failure is a diagnosis of exclusion. There are no consensus guidelines on diagnostic criteria. In point of advocacy, patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure AND concomitant meth use tend to have a longer delay in getting an ischemic evaluation, as shown in the data from this 2024 paper from Kersey, et al (see below). A reminder that most patients with a new HF diagnosis should get an ischemic evaluation as part of their diagnosis.

Another important clinical pearl is that something like 33% of patients with meth-associated HF have an LV thrombus, and transthoracic echocardiogram is only 21-35% sensitive in detecting these. For patients with otherwise unexplained worsening of symptoms and/or diagnosis, some professional organizations recommend cardiac MRI vs. contrast-assisted ultrasound in order to properly diagnose LV thrombi. 

 

Three patient-centered questions:

1) Is the damage from methamphetamine permanent?

answer: limited data from Germany (Schurer, 2017) found that the ejection fraction in patients with hear failure OFTEN improves significantly with meth cessation (as compared with continued use). This, in my opinion, may offer our patients some true HOPE. 

2) Are there treatment options to help me stop meth?

answer: there is good data that CONTINGENCY management (i.e. payment/gift cards and/or rewards) is the most effective intervention to decrease methamphetamine use and get to sustained cessation. 

Non-FDA approved (but evidence based) interventions that can be effective in helping with meth cessation include naltrexone+ bupropion (contraindicated with concomitant opioid use), mirtazapine (ideal for co-treating depression), and psychostimulants (in case of underlying ADHD).

3) What if I cannot stop?
answer: GDMT is still indicated and can improve outcomes. Patients with ongoing methamphetamine use should still be offered full GDMT. We could do better! Active meth use is not reason to withhold lifesaving treatment. The chart below shows evidence that we can be more diligent about providing full GDMT for these patients.