Many thanks to dynamic duo podiatry team, Drs. Walter D'Costa and Kevin Grierson, for their collaborative care of patients and for their Grand Rounds presentation on Everything Foot this week.

A recording of their presentation is available HERE .

Dr. D'Costa started the presentation with the practice changing pearl of the day: 

***Remind our patients (at high risk for foot problems) to change their shoes 1-2 times per day to relieve pressure.***

This is such a great pearl-- definitely not part of my regular prevention spiel, but an easy daily practice that can help prevent chronic friction issues with the same pair of shoes.

A review of the three common categories of foot ulcers: neuropathic, vascular, and ischemic.

1) Neuropathic ulcers result from insensitivity (i.e. neuropathy), inability to perceive pain, which leads patients to walk on bony prominences, and then to get skin breakdown, which can become chronic. Neuropathic ulcers present with some key features:

• hypertrophic rim of callous
• fibrotic wound bed
• painless
• not very much necrosis (compared to vascular ulcers)
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  The heel is a common site of pressure (in patients with heel ulcers, don't forget to screen for restless leg syndrome, which can lead patients to rub heels and lead to neuropathic ulcers)

Prevention:

• diabetic foot exams
• patient doing daily foot check
• changing shoes frequently

Treatment:

• OFFLOADING is key (inserts, change in shoe, etc)
• Aggressive debridement by podiatry, wound vac as needed
• Good diabetes control
• Sometimes excision of the bony prominence

2) Venous Stasis Ulcers result from incompetent valves and mast cell inflammation, leading to skin breakdown, they often occur at medial/lateral malleoli

• brown discoloration (stasis), chronic edema (often decades)
• dry skin--> scratch--> opening/fissures--> infection--> infected ulcers (pearl: Make sure patients with venous stasis hydrate their skin daily with lotion/cream, even baby oil)
• usually these do not have hyperkeratotic margins
• these often weep (and weep and weep)
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Prevention:

• Control EDEMA via compression stockings, diuretics, elevation, venous pump/sequential pump (these pumps are DME covered by most insurances, particularly if patient has chronic stasis and/or hx of an ulcer)
• lotions to keep skin moist

Treatment:

• Sharp debridement by podiatry
• Enzymatic dressings, wet-to-dry dressing, calcium alginate (absorptive of weeping), hydrocolloid, silver-impregnated gauze
• Antibiotics if infected
• Biopsy the ulcer (if don't improve with good treatment)
• Grafting

3) Ischemic Ulcers are almost always very PAINFUL (unlike neuropathic and venous stasis), dark necrotic tissue

Treatment

• NEED revascularization

Additional foot ulcer pearls:

• For heel decubitus ulcers, always get x-ray to rule out osteomyelitis because these are by definition unstageable 
• If you see a red hot foot in a diabetic, don't forget charcot arthropathy: red/hot/swollen foot, "rocker bottom" must be treated with immobilization, can appear like acute infection (elevated WBC, ESR, but these don't improve with abx)
• Edema Wear has a number of excellent products, including open toe stockinettes, for compression products that may be more useful to patients who have trouble using compression stockings.
• Also consider less rather than more compression if the patient is not going to wear compression stockings at all. Some is better than none. 

For part 2 of the presentation, Dr. Grierson covered several key toenail diagnoses including ingrown toenails, pigmented toenail lesions, onychomycosis, and subungual hematomas

1) Ingrown toenails are super common-- 20% of primary care foot complaints. Usually occur in younger patients, a result of trauma, improper cutting, tight shoes, and hypertrophic nail folds

Lifestyle advice: avoid tight shoes, warm water soaks for early symptoms 

For mild ingrown nails: oral antibiotics, gutter splints

Surgical treatment includes: partial vs total nail avulsion with or without chemical matrixectomy. Of note, partial nail avulsion has a 39% recurrence rate and total nail avulsion has a 83% recurrence. HOWEVER, Practice changing pearl:

*** Chemical matrixectomy with toenail avulsion (e.g. 88% phenol) has a 3% recurrence rate. You definitely should be doing a matrixectomy if you are removing a toenail***

Many patients complain about their toenail removals: they were so painful, miserable, inadequate anesthesia. A word on nerve blocks: the most important nerves to numb up the toe are on the plantar surface. For good anesthesia, Dr. Grierson recommends a ring block with ~3ml of lidocaine (1 or 2% w/o epinephrine). This should be injected into the SUBCUTANEOUS space and if you're in the right space, there should be very little resistance, i.e it should go in easily, causing the patient little distress.

2) Pigmented lesions in nails (longitudinal melanonychia) are common and have a long ddx: this includes ethnic variation, pregnancy, drugs, chronic local trauma, endocrine abnormalities, and the big bad wolf: melanoma

Ethnic melanonychia is very common in people of color of all ages, but increasing incidence with age. In fact, studies show a 20% incidence in people of Japanese descent and up to 100% incidence in African Americans over age 50.

Warning signs for melanoma of the toenail:

• single nail (usually the large toe)
• >3mm width of pigmented band
• more irregular border
• recent changes (e.g. increase in size, rapid growth)
• family history of melanoma
• Hutchinson's sign: pigment in the nail extends to the nail fold

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  benign ethnic melanonychia

  
  

  

  subungual melanoma

If in doubt, refer for biopsy (btw pigmented lesion biopsy needs to come from the nail matrix)

3) Onychomycosis is a common dermatophyte infection of the toenail, affecting 10% of the general population, 20% of people >60 and 50% of people >70. It causes discoloration, thickening of the toenail and can lead to other chronic foot problems

Treatment:

• Debridement (symptomatic relief)
• Topical medications: tavaborole 5%, ciclopirox 8% lacquer don't have high efficacy rates but can work for some patients
• Oral medication: terbinafine (Lamisil), itraconazole
• mycologic cure rate for terbinafine is 70%, itraconazole 54%
• complete cure 38% for terbinafine, 14% for itraconazole
• elevation in AST/ALT is VERY rare with terbinafine, <1% and generally self resolve, serious life transaminitis is even more rare 1/500K-1/120K
• Alternative therapies for onychomycosis include apple cider vinegar, tea tree oil.There aren't great studies, but apple cider vinegar does contain maleic acid, which has fungicidal properties, and tea tree oil may have synergistic effect with topical antifungals

4) Subungual hematomas occur as a result of trauma. 

• Fracture is common (10-25% of people w/associated phalanx fracture). For this reason, these toes should get x-rayed. 
• For symptom relief, trephination (cool word, definition: to open with a hole saw (i.e. trephine)) with a simple 18 g needle is safe and effective (spin, painless, no anesthesia required). You may need to make more than one hole. Go for it!
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